Abstract

Abstract

Introduction:

This abstract will outline the progress made in cosmology in the recent past. For over one hundred years there has not been any major revision to the theories associated with cosmology, during that time there have been several major improvements in technology and instrumentation. These improvements make use of existing and new data to set the ground for re-interoperation.

Purpose:

This thesis is to solve problems associated with cosmology and to reconcile the results of forensic audit and the predictions of Standard Models. To make recommendations to enhance the science of Astrophysics and Cosmology

Method:

Audit and describe the current state of the cosmos.

List the inter-relationships between elements and conditions of the cosmos.

Identify options in determining the functions and progressions of the elements of the cosmos.

Identify and examine the implications of new technology and the changes it makes to the current Standard Model (ƛCDM)

Make comparisons between past and present understandings.

Results:

The current state is a vast finite Space volume in equilibrium having a Net–Zero–Energy Level (NZEF), an ambient temperature of ~2.7 K, completely occupied by potential energy (EME), kinetic energy (EMW), plasma, hydrogen and other light elements, gas clouds, gas nebulae, proto-stars, fusion stars, galaxies, supernovae, various-size neutron stars and finally pulsing neutron stars that become the cores of black holes having accretion discs forming galaxies. The thermocline inversion zone (event horizon) is where fission occurs, converting matter to kinetic energy and sub-atomic particles. There is a cold zone between the thermocline inversion and the core where kinetic energy and sub-atomic particles are ejected in collimated high-energy jets balancing the system and completing the Cosmic Energy Cycle (CEC).

New technology has demonstrated that what was once considered the vacuum of space is, in fact, a fully occupied medium with an average mass density of approximately 10⁻²⁷ kg m⁻³, encompassing domains ranging from diffuse hydrogen gas to dense molecular regions and water with local densities approaching 10³ kg m⁻³. The implications of this discovery are profound, fundamentally altering the interpretation of lensing and halo phenomena, which are now understood as refractive effects arising within this cosmic atmosphere rather than as products of spacetime curvature. A further and equally significant finding is that the universe follows an orbital trajectory around a dominant gravitational structure, redefining the conceptual basis of dark energy, dark matter, spatial expansion, and the warping of space. Consequently, traditional methods of determining distance and age from luminosity and redshift must be re-evaluated in light of this dynamic, matter-filled environment.

Conclusion:

It is concluded that the cosmos is finite in volume, with fixed energy-mass density obeying the laws of thermodynamics in a closed loop energy cycle. Obeying the laws of planetary motion in a Space that is not a vacuum but occupied by hydrogen and water in its various forms.